| What do the police and officials want? |
What do the most liberal of the bourgeois (the people of the Osvobozhdeniye, or the Constitutional-Democratic Party) want? |
What do the class-conscious workers (the Social-Democrats) want? |
| The absolute monarchy. |
The constitutional monarchy. |
The democratic republic. |
| OF WHAT DO THESE SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT CONSIST? |
|---|
| ABSOLUTE MONARCHY | CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY | DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC |
| 1. The tsar—an absolute monarch. | 1. The tsar—a constitutional monarch. | 1. No tsar. |
| 2. A Council of State (officials appointed by the tsar). | 2. An Upper House of popular representatives (in direct, not quite equal and not quite universal elections). | 2. No Upper House. |
| 3. A State Duma, or consultative body of popular representatives (indirect, unequal, and non-universal elections). | 3. A Lower House (universal, direct, and equal elections by secret ballot). | 3. A single republican house (universal, direct, and equal elections by secret ballot). |
| WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT? |
|---|
| ABSOLUTE MONARCHY | CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY | DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC |
| 1. and 2. Complete power of the police and the officials over the people. |
1. One-third of the power in the hands of the police and the officials, headed by the tsar. |
1. No independent power for either the police or the officials; their complete subordination to the people. |
| 2. One-third of the power in the hands of the big bourgeoisie and the rich landlords. |
2. No privileges for either the capitalists or the landlords. |
| 3. Consultative voice of the big bourgeoisie and the rich landlords. No power for the people. |
3. One-third of the power in the hands of the whole people. |
3. All power— wholly, completely and indivisibly— in the hands of the whole people. |
| WHAT PURPOSE SHALL THESE SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT SERVE? |
|---|
| ABSOLUTE MONARCHY | CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY | DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC |
| That the courtiers, the police, and the officials may live on the fat of the land; that the rich may rob the workers and peasants at their own free will; that the people may remain for ever without rights and live in darkness and ignorance. |
That the police and the officials may be dependent on the capitalists and landlords; that the capitalists, landlords, and rich peasants may freely and easily rob the workers of town and country, by right and not by arbitrary rule. |
That the free and enlightened people may learn to run things themselves, and, principally, that the working class may be free to struggle for socialism, for a system under which there will be neither rich nor poor and all the land, all the factories and works, will belong to all the working people. |